Tax Law

Published on: October 2, 2013

Joint Bank Accounts in New Jersey

It is a fairly common practice for people to open joint bank accounts. Often joint accounts are held by spouses, and the funds do actually belong to both individuals. However, sometimes these accounts are opened for the convenience of allowing a child or to access funds and write checks to pay bills, or as a way to have ownership of the funds pass to the surviving joint account holder upon death. While this is an effective and simple way to give someone else control of your assets of have the funds pass to another upon death, there are problems associated with joint accounts which should be considered before opening a joint account.

1) The joint account holder has unfettered access to the funds in the account. There is no oversight over the way the funds are used. Both joint account holders can utilize the funds for any reason; there is no need for permission – either account holder can withdraw of any portion or all of the money in the account for any purpose.

2) A joint bank account is at risk from legal actions by the creditors of either account holder. If the joint account holder has a judgment entered against her, all the funds in the joint bank account can be attached and used to pay the judgment. For example, a one account holder gets divorced and his spouse claims a right to some of the funds in the account, then the account holder who deposited the funds in the joint account would need to go to court to prove that the money does not belong to the divorcing account holder. Another example is if the other joint account holder is sued, loses and does not pay the resulting judgment.

3) Upon the death of either account holder, the money would indeed pass to the surviving joint account holder. However, the money remains subject to estate and inheritance taxes. If the individual who passes is not the individual who contributed the funds to the account, the account would nonetheless be taxed as part of the deceased account holder’s estate. In other words, the survivor would have to pay inheritance tax even if she deposited the funds in the first place. Depending on the amount of assets in the account, the relationship between the two joint account holders, and the value of the decedent’s total estate, this can result in a significant death tax burden which could have been avoided.
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Published on: July 16, 2013

The Importance For New Jersey Business Owners To Pay Employment Tax

by Frank P. Nardi

New Jersey business owners should be aware that there are strict regulations which allows the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) to collect employment taxes from a business or its owners and potentially senior employees, who are not owners, if a business fails to pay employment withholding tax to the IRS.

Federal employment tax require employers to withhold money, for Social Security and Medicare, and pay it to the IRS on a quarterly basis (also known as a “941 payment”). These payments are known as “trust fund taxes” because the withholding amounts are held in “trust” by the employer for the IRS.

Failure to pay employment taxes is therefore viewed as theft because the owner is using money that belongs to the employee. The IRS therefore has strict regulations which allow it to recover trust fund taxes directly from owners and senior employees if the business fails to pay the tax.

In a typical case the IRS will assess personal liability against individuals it alleges were responsible to pay this tax on behalf of the business. The IRS will also assess penalties and interest. The penalty (also known as a “jeopardy assessment”) is equal to the amount of the unpaid trust fund tax. Responsible individuals will personally be required to pay the tax, penalty, and interest.
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Published on: March 13, 2013

Property Tax Appeals for Homes Damaged by Superstorm Sandy

by Jennifer C. Meusel

New Jersey law N.J.S.A. 54:4-35.1 allows property owners to request reduced property tax assessments for property damaged as a result of Superstorm Sandy. This law was enacted in the response to a severe Nor’easter which hit New Jersey 1962. That storm caused significant property damage and there was no basis in the law for property tax relief for the affected tax payers. This year, that law is being used to assist property owners who have sustained significant property damage. The statute provides in part:

…When any building or other structure which has been destroyed, consumed by fire, demolished or altered in such a way that its value has materially depreciated, either intentionally or by the action of storm, fire, cyclone, tornado, or earthquake, or other casualty, …the assessor shall…after examination and inquiry, determine the value of such parcel real property as of…January 1, and assess the same according to such value.

Usually, when a homeowner files a property tax appeal, the appeal is based on the fair market value of the property on October 1st of the preceding year. Superstorm Sandy hit the coast of New Jersey on October 29, 2012, devastating communities and causing property damage in the United States which has been estimated to exceed $71 billion.

This law is very limited in that it only assists homeowners who have sustained damage between October 1st of the previous year and January 1st of the current tax year. It also requires notification of the assessor by the property owner before January 10 of the current tax year. If a homeowner notified the assessor and filed the appropriate form with supporting documentation prior to the January 10th deadline, the municipality will investigate and issue an assessment.
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Published on: December 11, 2012

The Federal Gift Tax Annual Exclusion is Increased for 2013

by Jennifer C. Meusel

The Internal Revenue Service increased the annual gift tax exclusions for 2013. The annual gift tax exclusion amount will increase from the 2012 amount of $13,000 to $14,000 in 2013 for gifts made to anyone other than a person’s spouse. New Jersey does not impose a gift tax, with the limited exception that gifts made within three years of a person’s date of death are subject to tax upon the death of the giver.

Individual annual gift tax exclusions can be combined with gifts of spouses to give up to $28,000 to any person each year and no gift tax will be due. There is no limit as to the number of gifts which may be made to different people. Additionally, there is no limit to the marital deduction for taxpayers who make gifts to their U.S. citizen spouses. The annual gift exclusion for gifts made to non-U.S. citizen spouses is being increased to $143,000 in 2013.

If an annual gift is made during 2013 which exceeds $14,000 to any one person, or if it exceeds $143,000 to a non-US citizen spouse, it is a taxable gift and the giver must file a U.S. Gift Tax Return with the IRS on Form 709. Each person is afforded a lifetime gift tax exemption. At present, the lifetime gift tax exemption amount is $5,120,000. However, that amount is scheduled to decrease to $1,000,000 when the county hits the “fiscal cliff” in 2013 unless Congress acts to change the law. Even if you make an annual gift to an individual over of the applicable annual exclusion amount, the giver will have to file a gift tax return, but will not owe gift tax unless they have exceeded the lifetime gift tax exemption.

Published on: November 19, 2012

Mortgagees, Tenants and Tax Sale Certificate Holders May Have Standing to Appeal New Jersey Property Tax Assessments

by Jennifer C. Meusel

Under New Jersey law, a taxpayer feeling aggrieved can appeal a property tax assessment. Obviously, the owner can qualify as a “taxpayer feeling aggrieved.” However, it is not well known that others can also qualify under the statute. Tenants, mortgagees, tax sale certificate holders and even non-owner spouses of a marital residence can, under certain under certain circumstances, qualify as aggrieved taxpayers and thus are permitted to file an appeal of a property tax assessment.

The word “taxpayer” has been interpreted by New Jersey courts to include not only the owner of record of a property but also tenants, mortgagees and holders of tax sale certificates under certain circumstances. The courts have often based their findings upon the belief that the “taxpayer feeling aggrieved” means anyone with a legitimate interest in the property and who pays the property taxes, and is thus adversely affected by an incorrect assessment.

If a lease requires a tenant to pay all taxes for a full tax year, the Tax Court has held that the tenant qualifies as an aggrieved taxpayer. However, the Tax Court required that because the appeal of the assessment could result in an increased assessment, the owner of the property must also be a party to the action. The Tax Court noted that the lease was silent on the issue of whether the tenant was permitted to file a tax assessment appeal.
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Published on: October 26, 2012

Minimizing New Jersey Estate Taxes by Utilizing a Disclaimer Trust Provision in a Will

by Jennifer C. Meusel

New Jersey imposes an estate tax on assets passing to any beneficiary other than a surviving spouse. The New Jersey exemption amount is $675,000, meaning that a decedent whose estate exceeds $675,000, and whose assets are to be inherited by any individual other than a surviving spouse, is subject to New Jersey State estate tax. While both spouses are entitled to an exemption amount of $675,000, careful planning is required to take full advantage of both spouses’ exemption amount and shield $1,350,000 from taxes when it is passed to the next generation.

A disclaimer trust is an excellent vehicle for married couples to ensure that their heirs can maximize their exemptions. This trust can be included as a provision in both spouses’ wills. It provides that the trust will on be funded upon the death of first spouse if the surviving spouse executes and files a valid and proper disclaimer within nine months of the spouse’s death. It is important that the surviving spouse does not exercise any control over the assets being disclaimed after the decedent’s death. There are a number of factors to consider when deciding whether to disclaim assets and thereby fund the disclaimer trust, including the value of the estate, the age of the surviving spouse, the health of the surviving spouse and the current status of estate tax law. A disclaimer trust provision in a will is flexible and allows the surviving spouse to decide whether or not to fund the trust. However, if the decedent’s will does not contain the necessary provisions, the surviving spouse does not have the option to fund the trust and minimize future New Jersey estate taxes for the next generation.

The terms of the disclaimer trust are usually that the surviving spouse is entitled to all of the income from the trust during her lifetime, and the surviving spouse also has the right to access the trust principal for her health, education, support and maintenance. Distributions in excess of that are not automatic and require the agreement of the co-trustee. Typically, upon the surviving spouse’s death, the couple’s children become the trust beneficiaries.
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Published on: September 17, 2012

New Jersey Division of Taxation Bulk Sales Requirements

by Jennifer C. Meusel

New Jersey’s bulk sale law was enacted by the New Jersey legislature in 1995 to protect purchasers of business assets. The purchaser of business assets is required to notify the New Jersey Division of Taxation of the transaction at least ten days before the sale by completing and filing a form C-9600 along with a copy of the contract for sale. The form C-9600 must be sent by certified mail to the State of New Jersey, Division of Taxation, Attention: Bulk Sales Section, P.O. Box 245, Trenton, NJ 08695-0245, or it can be sent by overnight mail to the State of New Jersey, Division of Taxation, 50 Barrack St, Trenton, NJ 08695, Attn: Bulk Sale Section. There is no fee for filing the form.

The New Jersey Division of Taxation then has ten business days to research and determine what amount of money must be held in escrow by the purchaser’s attorney at the closing. The state tax liabilities of the seller are then paid from the escrow. A purchaser, by complying with the Bulk Sale Law, ensures that they will not become responsible for the seller’s New Jersey tax liability. After the tax payments requested by the state are paid, the Division of Taxation will issue a tax clearance letter which authorizes the release of any monies remaining in escrow. Upon receipt of the tax clearance letter, the balance of the monies held in escrow can be released to the seller. If the Division fails to respond to the C-9600 within ten business days of receipt of same, the purchaser will not be held responsible for the seller’s state tax liabilities.

If the purchaser fails to notify the New Jersey Division of Taxation of a sale which is subject to the bulk sales notification requirements, then the purchaser becomes liable for the New Jersey State tax liabilities of the seller if the seller does not pay. If the purchaser fails to notify the state, the Division of Taxation can file judgment, levy and seize the purchaser’s assets. However, if the seller refuses to cooperate with the Division of Taxation, the Division will not penalize the purchaser for the seller’s refusal. While complying with this law is an added step in the purchase of a business, it is an excellent mechanism for protecting the purchaser. Purchasers of business assets should insist on compliance with the terms of the New Jersey Bulk Sales Law. It is an essential term of any contract for sale of business assets.
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Published on: July 26, 2012

Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts Can Be Used to Lower Estate Taxes

by Jennifer C. Meusel

The irrevocable life insurance trust (“ILIT”) provides an accessible means of avoiding New Jersey and federal estate taxes on life insurance proceeds. The potential savings often outweigh the disadvantages of what you give up.

The New Jersey and federal “estate taxes” are taxes on the transfer of property at your death. Life insurance proceeds are among the types of property that are subject to estate tax. The taxable status of life insurance proceeds is determined by ownership of the policy and payment of the proceeds. If you own a life insurance policy, upon death, your estate will be fully subject to tax if: (1) The proceeds of the policy are payable directly or indirectly to your estate; or (2) if you, while alive, held any ownership rights in the policy, such as the right to change a beneficiary, surrender or cancel the policy or borrow against the policy.

If you leave life insurance proceeds to someone other than a spouse, such as a child, relative, or friend, the proceeds will be taxed as being part of your estate. On the other hand, if you leave life insurance proceeds to a spouse, the proceeds will not be part of your estate at your death, but the surviving spouse’s estate may be taxed. An ILIT can avoid taxes not just on your own estate, but also on the estate of your surviving spouse.

The ILIT itself would own the life insurance policy and is named as its beneficiary. Each year, you gift an amount sufficient to pay the policy premiums to the trust. Then, the trust pays the premiums. You can gift up to $13,000 per year to the trust, per beneficiary named in the trust, without incurring any gift tax liability. Upon your death, the insurance proceeds are paid into the trust. The ILIT is drafted to ensure that the insurance proceeds will not be taxed as part of your estate; however, the beneficiaries of the trust will be able to access the monies held by the trust for health, education, maintenance and support. Typically, the trust is drafted so that the surviving spouse also has a right to receive the income from the trust and perhaps even a limited right to invade principle. This will also protect the monies held in the trust from creditors of the beneficiaries, or in the event a beneficiary becomes divorced. On the death of the surviving spouse, the monies held in trust can either be paid outright to your children, or the trust can continue.
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Published on: June 1, 2012

New Jersey Estate and Inheritance Tax

by Jennifer C. Meusel

Estates of New Jersey residents are potentially subject to two types of state taxes: New Jersey Estate Tax and New Jersey Inheritance Tax.

First, an estate is subject to New Jersey Estate Tax if the value of the estate is more than $675,000.00. This tax is based solely on the value of the assets held by a person when they die, whether held individually or jointly with another person. If the value of the estate exceeds $675,000 a New Jersey Estate Tax Return (NJ IT-E) must be filed within nine months after death.

Second, the requirement to file New Jersey Inheritance Tax Return (NJ IT-R) is triggered by the classification of the estate’s beneficiaries. The NJ IT-R must be filed within eight months after death. The tax is determined by the relationship of each beneficiary to the decedent. Class “A” beneficiaries are not required to file or pay New Jersey Inheritance Tax. Class “A” beneficiaries are spouses, children (or lineal descendants), parents, grandchildren, grandparents, or stepchildren. There is also no inheritance tax on bequests to a qualified charity. Since, these are usually who most people leave their estates to, most estates are not subject to the New Jersey Inheritance tax.

If a person leaves property to a brother, sister, son-in-law or daughter-in-law (these are class “C” beneficiaries), the New Jersey Inheritance Tax Return must be filed. The first $25,000 of the bequest is not subject to inheritance tax. However, the next $1,075,000 is subject to tax at a rate of 11%; amounts in excess of that are taxed on a sliding rate scale ranging from 13% to 16%.
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Published on: April 8, 2012

Employee or Independent Contractor? New Jersey Business Taxpayers Can Correct the Misclassification of Workers with Minimal Tax Liability

by Pauline M.K. Young

Businesses with any New Jersey employees are responsible for withholding and paying income taxes, Medicare taxes, and Social Security, and paying payroll taxes on wages paid to their employees. However, in general, the same businesses do not have to do so when hiring independent contractors.

Therefore, it may be tempting for a business to classify all workers as independent contractors to avoid payments. However, the Internal Revenue Service and New Jersey Division of Taxation have stringent regulations to ensure that businesses correctly classify their workers. The IRS imposes significant penalties on businesses which have misclassified their workers as independent contractors.

A worker is an independent contractor if the “employer” has the right to direct only the result, but not the way in which the worker performs her job. For example, if a business hires a New Jersey attorney to sue another company for breach of a contract, the business does not direct the attorney on how to argue the case, what motions to file, etc. The client educates the attorney about the dispute and asks the attorney to work towards a certain result (recovering lost profits). Therefore, this attorney is a New Jersey independent contractor, not an employee.
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