Articles Tagged with New Jersey Employment Attorneys

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Background: Anti-Discrimination Statutes and the Background Circumstances Rule

Title VII of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination both prohibit employers from illegally discriminating against their employees.  Normally the evaluation is straightforward under the McDonnell Douglas Test.  However, in the case of reverse discrimination, i.e., where an employer is accused of discriminating against an employee who is in the majority, New Jersey andpaterson-pd-john-and-andrew-300x183 many Federal courts imposed a higher burden of proof on the employee.  In cases of reverse discrimination, employees in New Jersey state courts and many federal courts had to satisfy the “Background Circumstances Rule,” which requires that the employee prove that he “has been victimized by the unusual employer who discriminates against the majority.”  However, in 2025, the United States Supreme Court unanimously struck down the Background Circumstances Rule in Title VII cases in the case of Ames v. Ohio Department of Youth Services.

The U.S. Supreme Court Steps In

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New Jersey employment law provides that non-tenured educators must receive written notice that their employment contracts will not be renewed by May 15th or their contracts will be deemed to be renewed for the coming school year.  A New Jersey appeals court recently issued a decision examining the procedure and consequences of the non-renewal of an assistant principal after failing to give her the required timely written notice in the case of Adeyin vs. Board of Education of the City of Orange.supreme-court-building-1209701__340-300x200

Background

Ehimwenma Adeyin was a non-tenured assistant principal at Rosa Parks Community School in Orange, New Jersey.  She began work in 2023, and her contract was renewed for the 2023-2024 school year.  She was permitted to participate in a two-year program to obtain a certificate from the New Jersey Department of Education for the position of principal.

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An appeals court recently issued an opinion in the case of Hand v. Borough of New Providence, examining the rights of New Jersey police officers facing discipline in non-civil service jurisdictions

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The opinion explained that Michael Hand was a corporal with the New Providence Police Department, with thirteen years of service.  On May 17, 2019, he was eating dinner with his wife at a diner during a meal break when a call came for him to respond to a domestic incident.  Another officer, Patrolman Lunch responded.  Plaintiff texted Lynch and his supervisor to see if they needed him but they did not respond, so he did not go.  The supervisor, Sergeant Diamond, who was not called, terminated a traffic stop to respond when he saw on GPS that Hand was not responding.  At the scene, a juvenile experienced a mental health crisis and the situation escalated; Diamond called Hand on the radio and Hand then responded 13 minutes after the original call.

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Restrictive Covenants and Non-Compete Agreements

Restrictive covenants are clauses in contracts where the parties agree that one or both of the parties agree to restrict their ability to act in certain ways during or after the term of the contract.  There are a variety of restrictive covenants, such as “non-poaching” agreements, were a party agrees not to employ the other party’s employees; non-disclosure agreements, or NDAs, where the parties agree not to disclose the other’s confidential information or trade secrets; and non-solicitation agreements, where one or more of the parties agree not to solicit or do business with thesupreme-court-building-1209701__340-300x200 other party’s customers or clients after the expiration of the contract.

In the employment context, the most common restrictive covenant is a non-competition agreement, in which an employee agrees that during or after their employment with the other party, they agree not to compete against it.  Restrictive covenants are enforceable under New Jersey employment law, provided they meet certain requirements.  The Appellate Division of the Superior Court of New Jersey recently addressed when an employee may challenge the validity of a non-compete agreement in court in the case of Ondik vs. Princeton Eye and Ear, LLC.

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Several New Jersey employment laws govern the payment of wages.  The New Jersey Wage and Hour Law (along with the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act) governs minimum wage and overtime.  The New Jersey Wage and Hour Law governs what are considered wages and whendc-court-appeals-district-columbia-building-abraham-lincoln-statue-74985350 they must be paid.  The Supreme Court of New Jersey considered whether and under what circumstances “commissions” are considered “wages” protected by the Wage Payment Law.

Background – PPE Sales at Suuchi, Inc., During the Pandemic

Suuchi, Inc. sells a software-driven platform.  Its salespeople are paid commissions of 1.75 percent for the first $729,167 of sales based on annual recurring revenue, and 4 percent beyond that.  Suuchi’s plan stated that it was “intended to cover all sales situations.”  During the Covid Pandemic, Suuchi branched out into selling personal protective equipment (PPE).  The company sent an email advising its sales people that commissions would be based on net revenue, and commissions would be 4 percent when net revenue generated on PPE.  However, the chief executive officer sent a follow-up email clarifying that “we are providing the same commissions on these one time orders and not penalizing for not being [annual recurring revenue].”

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New Jersey employment law provides significant protections for employees who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have recently given birth.

The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination provides protection against discrimination against pregnant and breastfeeding employees.  It also requires that employers make reasonablekids-300x225 accommodations available so that pregnant or breastfeeding employees and new mothers can perform their jobs.  It prohibits retaliation against employees who request such accommodations.  The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination gives a non-exhaustive list of such reasonable accommodations: “bathroom breaks, breaks for increased water intake, periodic rest, assistance with manual labor, job restructuring or modified work schedules, and temporary transfers to less strenuous or hazardous work.”

The New Jersey Law Against Discrimination generally gives more extensive protection to employees than Federal law, including pregnant and breastfeeding employees, and New Jersey State courts generally provide greater procedural protections for employees than Federal court.  Nonetheless, Federal law also provides protections for pregnant employees.

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New Jersey employment law governs the hiring of municipal police officers and firefighters, particularly Titles 11A and 40A of New Jersey Statutes.  These local first responders play critical roles in our society.  New Jersey employment law therefore closely regulates the hiringjoe-b-300x200 process to ensure that New Jersians are served by only the best law enforcement officers and firefighters.

There are two roots for hiring local government law enforcement officers and firefighters.  In civil service jurisdictions, an applicant must pass a civil service examination, score high enough on the list to be reached, pass physical and psychological examinations, pass a background investigation, and successfully complete a police academy course.  Municipalities which have not adopted civil service have more discretion in hiring, in that the applicants do not have to take a civil service examination or be ranked high enough on a civil service hiring list.  However, many non-civil service jurisdictions utilize a “chief’s test” in place of the civil service examination. Civil service municipalities retain some discretion in hiring through the “Rule of Three.”

Initial hires must be at least 18 years of age, but no more than 35, although there are exceptions to the maximum age requirement for veterans and law enforcement officers and firefighters with prior service in another jurisdiction.  They must be New Jersey residents, although recently discharged veterans receive a grace period to move to New Jersey.  A municipality cannot require an applicant to be a resident of the local jurisdiction, but it can give a preference to residents.  residence can also be used as a tie breaker in promotions.  The “veterans preference” is applicable to hiring in civil service municipalities.

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New Jersey public employees have multiple venues to litigate employment claims against their government employers.

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New Jersey government employees can sue in New Jersey state court, beginning with the Superior Court of New Jersey which sits in each county, for violation of state laws such as the New Jersey Conscientious Employee Protection Act, the New Jersey Civil Rights Act and the New Jersey Law Against Discrimination, and then the state appellate courts.  For employment-related civil rights claims or violations of Federal laws, such as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans with Disabilities Act or the Fair Labor Standards Act, employees can file suit in the Federal courts beginning with the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey which sits in Camden, Trenton and Newark, with appeals heard by the United Staes Third Circuit Court of Appeals and then the United States Supreme Court.  A civil service employee who alleges that she was disciplined in violation of civil service laws can appeal to the New Jersey Civil Service Commission, with appeals from Commission decisions being heard by the Appellate Division of the Superior Court of New Jersey.  Tenured teachers and other education employees can appeal to the New Jersey Department of Education.  Public employees can utilize the grievance procedure in the contract for allegations of violations of the contract for discipline, pay violations and other related matters.  Grievance procedures in many union contracts often provide for binding arbitration with the Public Employment Relations Commission (“PERC”). PERC will also hear allegations of unfair labor practices, binding arbitration of certain contract negotiation impasses, scope of negotiations disputes, bargaining unit disputes, and certain appeals of discipline by law enforcement officers who are not employed in civil service jurisdictions.

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The Federal appeals court which hears New Jersey cases issued a precedential decision explaining the definition of “disability” for purposes of disability discrimination under the Americans with Disabilities Act. tess-225x300

Background

Andrew Morgan was employed by Allison Crane & Rigging LLC as a millwright laborer.  On September 29, 2020 he injured his lower back on the job.  He advised his supervisors, but continued his shift even though he was in “severe pain.”  He then saw a chiropractor who diagnosed Morgan with a bulging or herniated disc in his lower back.  He began treatment twice a week, and had pain when he sat, walked or turned.  The chiropractor placed him on light duty, which he advised his supervisors of in a meeting on October 7, 2020; they advised him not to file a workers compensation claim.  The light duty was to continue until November 25th, at which point the chiropractor advised that he could resume his full duties.

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Progressive discipline is a bedrock principle in New Jersey civil service law.  However, while flexible, progressive discipline has its limits.  The New Jersey Supreme Court recently issued a precedential employment law decision examining when progressive discipline allows forcapt-andrew-209x300 termination of a law enforcement officer’s employment for even a first offense in the case of In the Matter of Brian Ambroise.

Background

The case involved an appeal from an earlier decision by the Appellate Division of the Superior Court of New Jersey.  I wrote about it here, so I will only briefly outline the facts of the case and how it got to the Supreme Court.

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